Lab time

We have continued to work diligently on our sampling. On Tuesday we collected samples from our transplant plots, and we have spent a lot of time in the lab processing them. 

First, we extract the invertebrates living in the soil. We do that in two ways. On the top shelf of the table in the photo, we have set up what are called Baermann funnels. A small amount of plant or soil gets wrapped in a tissue, then placed inside a funnel that gets filled with water. The small invertebrates that live in the water that is adhered to the soil or plant material then swim free in the water, but gravity pulls them down into the stem of the funnel. That is how we collect the nematodes and tardigrades that live in the plants and soil. Other larger invertebrates, like springtails and mites, don't live in water. We extract those using heat in Tullgren funnels. We wrap up some soil or plant material in gauze, and then place it inside of shiny funnels. To be space-efficient, we make those shiny funnels out of aluminum beverage cans. We place an incandescent lightbulb on top, which creates heat to dry out the soil and moss. By gradually turning up the heat, we make the soil more and more inhospitable to the invertebrates. Their natural behavior is to try to move deeper in the soil where it is still moist. But, instead of finding more soil... they find our funnel and drop into a sample container underneath.

We run those extractions for several days, so our transplant soils are still sitting on those funnels. While the extractions are taking place, we also preserve soils to measure the bacteria and fungi living in them. Those measurements will take place back at ASU, but first we have to properly preserve the microbes so that they do not degrade... or keep eating each other!

Using these data about the invertebrates and microbes, we can better understand how these plants help provide a habitat for the community of organisms as they are colonizing newly-exposed soil. The different growth forms of plants might provide better habitat than others, and some organisms might have preferences for particular plants.

It's lucky that we made it out on Tuesday to collect all of our samples, because the weather has been windy and snowy since then! We haven't been able to go too far from the station for any new field work. We quickly went out this morning to a nearby area to place some temperature sensors at one of our other field sites. 

It is beautiful in the snow, but cold! We cannot stay out for very long. That means we are spending a lot of time inside. I like to make sure my team stays fit during this time of inactivity by demanding they do pushups.

 (Just kidding! They were doing this by choice.)

We are hoping that tomorrow we can get out to our next major field site to collect more samples. If we cannot keep collecting samples, we will not have enough time to process them all before it's time to leave Escudero!

Straight on to field work!

 We finally made it to Base Escudero, our home in Antarctica for the next couple of weeks!

I haven't posted until now because we have been very busy! Because we were delayed by 3 days, we had to make up for lost time. The same day we landed on King George Island in Antarctica, we unpacked the lab and got organized to start our work. We did that until we couldn't stay awake any longer, and then went straight to bed! The next morning, we headed right out to check on our experimental plots!

We left the research station in the morning and walked to our main field site. We spent the day collecting the plant and soil samples. We only stopped briefly to eat a quick lunch... though it was a very cold lunch!

Dr. Becky, Hannah, and Dr. Angelica eating lunch with the Collins Glacier in the background.

We collected samples from our transplant experiment. In this project, we have planted some of the 'pioneer' species that first colonize the soil after a glacier recedes. We want to understand how the arrival of these plants alters the soil. The best way to do that is to add them to the soil and see what happens! 

Our hypothesis is that the presence of the plants will change the soil habitat that paves the way for organisms to move in. These organisms can then change the soil to make it possible for more plants to grow. So, we added the plants two years ago, and now we are measuring the changes in the organisms and soil habitat! We collected some of the plants and the soil underneath them to measure the bacteria, fungi, and invertebrates that now live there. We will also measure soil chemistry to see how the plants changed the habitat experienced by those organisms. We needed to collect the samples immediately and get them on the extractors in the lab, or else we wouldn't have time to get everything done in our remaining time here! 

Today, we have been busy in the lab processing these samples. We have to extract and preserve the organisms, and preserve the soil for the chemical analyses that we'll do back at Arizona State. It has been a busy couple of days! I will post more details when we have some down time. In the meantime, we will keep working to catch up!

Off we go!

 We have boarded a plane to leave Punta Arenas! They wouldn’t get us this far if they didn’t think we had a good chance of landing. So, fingers crossed that my next post is from Antarctica!

And we wait…

We have spent the past two days in Punta Arenas on weather delay. It can be very boring, because we’re not allowed to go far from our hotels in case we get short notice that we can fly. We spend our time working on our computers, reading, and sipping coffee to stay awake. But, after 5 days here in Punta Arenas, we are so DONE with waiting!

Dr. Becky, Dr. Angélica, and Hannah are bored of waiting!

To get some exercise and fresh air today, I walked to one of the historic cemeteries in Punta Arenas. A lot of historical figures important in the region’s history are buried there. I visited the monument of Captain Adolfo Andresen, who was the first person to plant the Chilean flag in Antarctica! He was a Norwegian that immigrated into Chile in the 1890s, where he became a whaler. He set up a whaling station on Deception Island in Antarctica, in the name of the Chilean government. (Whaling and sealing is the reason for much of the early exploration of Antarctica by a lot of countries.)

Visiting the cemetery was a peaceful way to spend some time outside, and get a small break from my computer. Then, it was back to work!

Right now, the weather reports are good for tomorrow. We are tentatively scheduled to fly to Antarctica tomorrow afternoon. Fingers crossed that nothing changes!

Weather delay

As we suspected, we did not fly to Antarctica today. We are on a weather delay, meaning we can’t take off until the weather improves. Weather delays are common when traveling to and from Antarctica.

The plane can’t land in Antarctica if the visibility isn’t good. The conditions need to be just right for the pilots to land on the short, dirt runway. But, here’s what it looks like at the research station where we are headed:

View from the webcam near Base Escudero on King George Island.  

 

You can’t see much! The low clouds and fog make the visibility very poor. 

We will get an update tomorrow around lunch time to see if we can fly tomorrow. Or maybe it will be the next day… who knows! In the meantime, we will stay in Punta Arenas and wait. 

Welcome to INACH

The research project we are working on is a collaboration between the U.S. Antarctic Program (USAP) and the Chilean Antarctic Institute (or Instituto Antártico Chileno, INACH). There are both American and Chilean scientists working together on our research. This season, Hannah and I get to work with our Chilean collaborator, Angelica, seen here being a penguin in the INACH headquarters:

We will be living and working at a Chilean research station in Antarctica. Today, we worked with INACH to gather the rest of our gear and cargo. We like to blend in with our Chilean friends, so we happily wear both American and Chilean clothes! Here, Hannah models the INACH fashion we will use in Antarctica:

We also attended the required trainings to prepare for living and working in Antarctica. We cover safety while living at the research station and environmental protection of the Antarctic ecosystem. There are many rules we have to follow while we live and work in Antarctica!

The meeting room at INACH headquarters. On the left, you see 3 flags: the INACH flag for Antarctica, the Chilean flag, and the flag for the Magallanes Region of Chile. How good is your Spanish to read the PowerPoint slides?

We are supposed to fly to Antarctica tomorrow morning. However, the weather is not looking very good... The plane will only fly if the weather is good, not only here in Punta Arenas to take off, but also all the way across the Drake Passage and in Antarctica where we will be landing. They do not take off if they don't think we can fly and land safely! So frequently the weather doesn't cooperate, and we get delayed. If we do not get to fly tomorrow as planned, then we get an extra day in Punta Arenas and will try again on Saturday!

Gearing up

Today we spent some time in the warehouse collecting our gear to stay warm and dry while in Antarctica. The U.S. Antarctic Program stocked us up on what we call “extreme cold weather” gear, or ECW. This includes everything from warm hats and waterproof gloves to the full-body “immersion suits” hanging on the back wall, which can keep you afloat and stave off hypothermia if you fall in the water.

Hannah contemplates her ECW fashion choices. Does she want her snow pants in black, or black? Is orange the “in color” this season?

After we packed our ECW, we had some time to enjoy Punta Arenas. One of the items on the dinner menu was  guanaco. Guanacos (pronounced hwa-NA-kos) are large herbivores related to llamas and alpacas. However, guanacos are wild animals, whereas llamas and alpacas only exist in domestication. (In fact, guanacos are possibly the wild ancestor of the domesticated llama.) Guanacos are native to South America and are common down here in Patagonia. 

There are traditional dishes that use guanaco meat, and it can be found on menus at some restaurants. When you are visiting a new country, it is fun to try those unique dishes… like guanaco stew! (Don’t worry, guanacos are not endangered, so there are not concerns about over-hunting them for food.) The verdict after trying it: it tastes like tender stewed red meat.